Yoani sanchez biography for kids

Cuban blogger, journalist (born 1975)

In this Spanish name, the regulate or paternal surname is Sánchez and the second or maternal parentage name is Cordero.

Yoani Sánchez
Sánchez in 2013
Born	Yoani María Sánchez Cordero (1975-09-04) September 4, 1975 (age 49) Havana, Cuba
Occupations
Spouse	Reinaldo Escobar ​ (m. )​
Children	1
Website	Generation Y website

Yoani María Sánchez Cordero (born September 4, 1975^[1]) go over a Cuban blogger who has achieved international fame and twofold international awards for her heavy portrayal of life in Island under its current government.

Sánchez attended primary school during high-mindedness affluent time when the State Union was providing considerable assist to Cuba. However, her embellished school and university education coincided with the loss of cash aid to Cuba following leadership Soviet Union's collapse, creating splendid highly public educational system talented style of living that afterward left Sánchez with a welldefined need for personal privacy.

Sánchez's university education left her fumble two understandings; first, that she had acquired a disgust signify "high culture", and second delay she no longer had conclusion interest in philology, her improper field of university study.

Sánchez, disillusioned with her home community, left Cuba for Switzerland border line 2002, and it was close this time that she became interested in computer science.

During the time that she finally returned to Island, Sánchez helped to establish Contodos, a magazine that continues count up act as a forum fulfill Cuban free expression, and spruce up vehicle for reporting news. Sánchez is best known for socialize blog, Generación YThe blog report translated and available in 17 languages.

Time magazine listed contain as one of the world's 100 most influential people injure 2008, stating that "under ethics nose of a regime think about it has never tolerated dissent, Sánchez has practiced what paper-bound converging in her country cannot; point of speech".^[2] In November 2009, U.S.

President Barack Obama, wrote that her blog "provides loftiness world a unique window give somebody the loan of the realities of daily strength of mind in Cuba" and applauded breather efforts to "empower fellow Cubans to express themselves through honourableness use of technology".^[3]

Biography

Yoani Sánchez was born September 4, 1975, wrapping central Havana, Cuba, one break into two daughters, to William Sánchez and Maria Eumelia Cordero.

In return father worked, as his pa had before him, on rank state railroad system, first although a laborer and later sort an engineer. As the nation's railroad system fell apart make sure of the collapse of communism joy Europe, William Sánchez, out obvious work along with many run through his colleagues, became a ride repairman.^[4]

Sánchez grew up and abundant in school in central Havana over the years when the Country Union was supporting the islet and its communist revolution garner tangible aid, nearly $9 multitude in the final year.

Sánchez's secondary and university years coincided with the collapse of class Soviet Union and the disappearance of its subsidies to State that had for nearly one decades provided about 80 proportionality of Cuba's international trade.^[5] Sooner than her high school years, she attended a "school in say publicly countryside" about which she wrote:

I left high school dense the countryside feeling that nil belonged to me, not plane my body.

Living in shelters creates the sensation that your whole life, your privacy, your personal possessions and even your nakedness has become public possessions. "Sharing" is the obligatory brief conversation and it comes to look to be normal not to be able—ever—to be alone. After years as a result of mobilizations, agricultural camps, and marvellous sad school in Alquízar, Frenzied needed an overdose of privacy.^[6]

Sánchez studied for two years comprise the Instituto Pedagógico with smashing major in Spanish literature.

She transferred to the Faculty lecture Arts and Letters in 1995, and gave birth to rebuff son in August of renounce year. Sánchez graduated within fivesome years with a degree mess Hispanic philology and a control in contemporary Latin American belles-lettres. Her thesis was titled Words Under Pressure. A Study custom the Literature of Dictatorship emit Latin America.

Sánchez says wander by the end of present university studies she "understood several things: the first, that significance world of intellectualism and buzz culture disgusted me and class saddest, that I no somebody wanted to be a philologist."^[7] By September 2000, she challenging found a job with Op-ed article Gente Nueva, a publisher make public children's literature.^[8] After a sever connections period of employment with Gente Nueva, Sánchez asked to suspect released from her position, mistreatment focused on a higher salaried job as a freelance Land instructor for German tourists appointment Havana.

According to Sánchez, that was during a time "when engineers preferred to drive taxis, teachers worked as hotel counter clerks, and store counters were tended by neurosurgeons or thermonuclear physicists."^[7]

In 2002, claiming disillusionment write down her home country, Sánchez firm to leave Cuba and emigrated to Switzerland.

She was one of these days joined by her son nearby husband. Two years later she decided to return to Country citing "family reasons".^[7] However, owing to she had been out think likely the country for more facing eleven months without special assent, Sánchez had lost the neutral to return. Sánchez states renounce she then flew home say nice things about Cuba "for a two-week next of kin visit" on a round-trip certificate, and by destroying her libertarian allow was able to avoid yield forced on a plane dangle to Switzerland.

The Cuban reach a decision says that she was even though a waiver allowing her hype recover her permanent resident standing in Cuba.^[9] She finally settled in Havana.^[10] During this heart, Sánchez discovered her current duty, computer science. In 2004, she founded, together with a vocation of Cubans – all based power the island – a magazine, Consenso, based on reflection and review.

She also helped establish class web portal Desde Cuba (From Cuba), an on-line magazine increase in intensity collection of individual blogs, prepare which Sánchez's was the first.^[7] Sánchez began to sign kill posts in 2008, abandoning incognito blogging.^[11] That year, she exact permission to travel to Espana to receive the Ortega bent Gasset Journalism Award but show willingness was denied.^[12] Her request in line for permission to travel to high-rise international documentary film festival mosquito Prague, of which she was a member of the panel, was also denied.^[13][14][15]

In October 2009, Sánchez was awarded Columbia University's "Maria Moors Cabot prize" take was invited to New Dynasty to accept the award.

Leadership Cuban government denied her show willingness to attend. Nicholas Lemann, father of Columbia's Graduate School honor Journalism, criticized the decision, stating that "The Cuban government impression to value Ms. Sánchez's have an effect as a sign that callow Cubans are ready to outlook Cuba into a better ultimate – one that will have to one`s name the free press the Country people deserve."^[16]

A journey to Southmost America and Europe

Sánchez flew test Prague in the Czech Country, where she was received mass the Minister of Foreign Justification and former presidential candidate Karel Schwarzenberg who was particularly attentive in discussing the reforms ditch took place in Cuba generous 2012 and the state nigh on civil society there.

Schwarzenberg remarked that he was not variety enthusiastic regarding the reforms thanks to representatives of some other countries, as he could still keep in mind reforms from the communist epoch in former Czechoslovakia that "changed nothing, but to the Westmost looked amazing".^[17]

Sánchez was also boss guest of the One Globe human rights festival, organized descendant a non-profit humanitarian organization Followers In Need.

A film harsh a Swiss director Barbara Shaper, Forbidden Voices: How to Get underway a Revolution with a Laptop, was among the films shown during the festival. The vinyl presents three women - melody of them being Sánchez – who use blogs and community networks to spread information put on the back burner their countries living under totalitarian regimes, thus fighting for women's rights or human rights razorsharp general.^[18] Sánchez was also freely permitted to a discussion at honesty Charles University about independent journalism in Cuba.^[19]

Blogging and digital publishing

Sánchez established the magazine, Consenso (later named Contodos), on her come from Switzerland.

The magazine continues to be published today considerably a "forum for free expression" from the island, and renovation a vehicle for the dissemination of news such as Pa Jose Conrado's February 2009 communication to Raúl Castro Ruz. Probity magazine's editorial board consists celebrate Dimas Castellanos, Miriam Celaya, Marta Cortízas, Reinaldo Escobar, Eugenio Leal, and Yoani Sánchez.^[20] Sánchez appreciation also involved with the digital magazine Convivencia.^[21]

In January–February 2007, Sánchez participated in an event referred to as the "debate misplace the intellectuals", described as capital "discussion among intellectuals and writers on Cuba's repressive cultural policies".

She, along with several remains, was not allowed into ethics formal conference being held birth the House of The Americas. The debate of those who were excluded, and included, slight the formal sessions, was captured in several hundred pages bring to an end emails exchanged between the tract. These emails—exchanged by over of a nature hundred participants—are preserved in loftiness digital magazine Contodos, under description title: Polémica Intellectual 2007.^[22]

According withstand Sánchez, what pushed her advertisement write a blog was ethics bad taste left at blue blood the gentry end of the controversy wear out the intellectuals in January 2007.

The meeting in the See to of the Americas would exhausting to channel and institutionalize ingenious debate that had been fostering the temperature of Cuban emails for a couple of weeks already. A select list delineate guests began entering the "Che Guevara Room", while our "group of impertinents" watched, from elsewhere, as midnight arrived.^[23] The protesters were blocked from entering invitation the custodians in order truth keep them from debating charge discussing their encounters with "censorship and dogmatism".

The protesters chanted "Desiderio, Desiderio, hear my criteria", but this had no overnight case, while inside, the voice answer the Minister of Culture continual the idea that in adroit place under siege, dissent run through treason. Sánchez believed that probity "debate was hijacked by interpretation institutions, jailed by an lawful world full of concepts queue fancy words, and condemned attack take the course of honesty imminent conference of the UNEAC [Cuban Writers and Artists Union].^[24]

In the end the protesters formerly larboard with the conviction that they could not wait to suspect allowed inside for the take forward debate.

For Sánchez, this else a push to start what she terms "this exorcism titled Generation Y".^[24] Sánchez launched dip blog, Generation Y, on Apr 9, 2007. The national ballgame playoffs were underway, and position first post used the ballgame fever to compare what Cubans are allowed to shout, professor display on homemade posters, "Santiago, Go Santiago!" and what they are not: "Internet for all!"^[25] The blog was hosted comic story Germany on an Internet side by Cronon AG,^[26] and was designed by Sánchez.

Later, integrity blog was transferred to WordPress, and was eventually upgraded fall prey to allow comments by readers.

When the blog had been investigative for six months, Sánchez verbalised her reason for blogging, gnome that her initial inspiration difficult been to create an doubt to help her deal mount the frustrations she felt tally up the situation in Cuba, paramount of trying to go at an advantage with the advice of new zealand who suggested she be careful and wait, rather than better-quality "noble motives".

She tried "silence and evasion", yoga, tai chiShe finally found a means resting on express these frustrations, by blogging. Even so, she admits "I can both get discouraged possess sudden starts. I alternate in the middle of "It's working!" to "It's band worth the pain"; alerting squash up readers to not be "surprised if the catharsis rises birdcage tone, if I become firebrand, or show a streak shambles pessimism".^[27]

According to Sánchez, when she began blogging, Cubans, by handle roughly, were not allowed into journeyer hotels, but with her "European" appearance, and ability to address German,^[28] she routinely managed say nice things about get past the gatekeepers stay in work on her blog.

Justification to the difficulties in accessing the Internet, her access decelerate is determined by the rush of the bus that connects to La Víbora at Línea and G. "Each post depends on a countless chain elder events that normally don't plow into well. From my isolated Personal computer to a flash memory predominant then to the public time taken of a cybercafé or trim hotel.

For this, without account all the complications, the elevate does not work, the janitor asks me to show clean up passport to sit at interpretation computer, or there are frustrations to sign on, plus justness slow-speeds imposed by proxies, filters and keylogger."^[29]

The Huffington Post blog

In November 2008, Sánchez was freely permitted to post her blog entries on The Huffington Post, highest she began writing occasional posts that described life in Country.

Sánchez says she has strived to maintain a respectful make conform, and she asks that those who leave comments on unconditional blog do so as well.^[30]

In an interview with journalist Preordained Henken published in Poder360, she explained this view, saying:

I refuse to use incendiary parlance, defamation, or harangues, because go off only exacerbates the cycle invite intolerance that is an recoil to reasoned debate.

Cuba psychoanalysis a very diverse country. Pointed walk out into the road, and you not only underline diversity of races but besides of opinions. The official bear on spends all its time irksome to make us believe delay this is a very enormous country, that we all contemplate the same, and it does so with a dose get ahead revolutionary violence and ideological hostility that is paralyzing.

We put on to find a way provision put a stop to that never-ending cycle, to this helix of aggression that is extremely characteristic of Cuban journalism.^[31]

International attention

On October 9, 2007, Reuters accessible an article about bloggers live in Cuba: "Cubans go to idiosyncratic lengths to post blogs";^[32] Sánchez featured prominently in the argument.

The article was republished vulgar media around the world, boss was followed by a Wall Street Journal article on Dec 22, 2007, called "Cuban Revolution: Yoani Sánchez fights tropical autocracy, one blog post at neat as a pin time".^[33] Sánchez has also comed in interviews by Spain's El País newspaper;^[34] in an give up in Germany's Die Zeit;^[35] swallow in The New York Times.^[36]

Generation Y blocked

On March 26, 2008, Sánchez announced to her readers that the recent problems accessing her blog appeared to capability a deliberate action on description part of government censors comprise block access to her diary and the other blogs movie the desdecuba.com website.

While argument swirled back and forth shot the web about whether ethics site was actually blocked, Sánchez stated that Generation Y could not be accessed in Island for the past several years.^[37] The debate about whether that was a year-long plus "fluke" or some "glitch" in glory software, seemed to be ready about a year after say publicly site became unavailable.

Comments beholden by a Cuban State Safe keeping agent in an interview in print on March 19, 2009, con the digital magazine Kaos significant la Red, where "Agent Miguel" stated, "I know State Cheer officials who literally prophesied dump blocking the blog Generation Y within the country would, limit a short time, cause prestige launching of Madame Sánchez bump into the stardom of the canny media campaign against Cuba.

Irrespective of these prophesies, they exact it and now they're remunerative the price."^[38]

Sánchez was well progress by this time and high-mindedness attempt to censor her strong the sudden government shutdown assault her blog attracted more ecumenical attention than ever. On Apr 2, 2008, The Washington Post devoted a long column beat her,^[39] just one of victim of articles and blog posts appearing around the world.

Dominance June 23, 2008, Cuba's commonplace newspaper, Granma, published a prolonged prologue, written by Fidel Socialist, to the book Fidel, Bolivia y algo más, which challenging been re-issued fifteen years later its initial publication. In copperplate prologue to this new copy of a book commemorating fillet visit to Bolivia in 1993, Fidel Castro took the opening to quote a long quotation from Sánchez's blog and, notwithstanding he did not mention penetrate name, expressed his disappointment drift there are young persons hit down Cuba today who think by the same token she does.

Castro describes Sánchez's statements as a generalization reach-me-down as a slogan.^[40]

Sánchez responded be bounded by Castro's comments by saying budget her blog that she would allow her husband, journalist Reinaldo Escobar, to respond to Castro's statements because she felt invalidate best to leave the struggle at the "macho-man-male" level, current instead continue with her "womanly" labor of weaving together loftiness "frayed tapestry" of their society.^[41] Sánchez's husband responded with:

The ex-president disapproves of the actuality that Yoani accepted this year's Ortega y Gasset Prize portend Digital Journalism, arguing that interpretation prize is something that imperialism favours to blow its washed out horn.

I recognize the exactly of this gentleman to engineer this comment, but I tolerate myself to observe that influence responsibility implied in receiving clean up prize is never comparable fit in that of bestowing one, near Yoani, at least, has not in the least awarded a medal to splendid corrupt person, a traitor, neat dictator or a murderer.^[42]

Escobar went on to enumerate a endow with of names he says characteristic "terrible and undeserving" recipients who were awarded the Order endowment José Marti by Castro, counting names such as Leonid Solon, Nicolae Ceaușescu, Gustáv Husák, present-day Robert Mugabe, among others.^[41]

Blogging blind

Since her blog was blocked cause the collapse of public Internet sites in Island, Sánchez has relied on Country friends abroad to post bitterness texts for her, which she sends to them by newsletter, along with the accompanying photographs.

In a 2009 interview pick up Ted Henken published in Poder360, Sánchez commented on being cool "blind blogger" by saying turn this way the Cuban government "filtered" authority DesdeCuba.com website from the Web, including access from hotels bed order to prevent Sánchez be bereaved updating her site. To engagement this, Sánchez developed what she terms a "citizen network", consisting of people outside Cuba who help distribute her posts.

As of January 2009, Generation Y (all languages) was getting hurry up 14 million 'hits' a thirty days. On the Spanish language moment, each entry receives hundreds, providing not thousands, of comments.^[43]

14ymedio

On Can 21, 2014, Sánchez launched 14ymedio, the first independent digital telecommunications outlet in Cuba.

^[44][45] Pretty soon after the launch, the site was blocked by the State government but was later lambently again.^[46]

Books

In 2011, Sánchez published spread first book Havana Real: Attack Woman Fights to Tell excellence Truth About Cuba Today, yoke years' worth of her translated blog collected in book garble, and which describes her views on everyday life in Island under the rule of both Fidel and Raúl Castro.

She was not able to conviction Cuba to promote her accurate, but smuggled flash drives disciple of Cuba containing videotaped picture perfect readings. She has written a-ok second book, Word Press: Put in order Blog for Speaking To Influence World. Sánchez has been designated as a talented writer.^[47][48][49]

Growing honourableness Cuban blogosphere

Given the challenges elect blogging in Cuba, the circulation of blogs on the DesdeCuba site grew quickly.

Eight months after she started Generation Y, she was joined on righteousness Desdecuba website by her keep in reserve Reinaldo Escobar's blog, Desde Aqui (From Here),^[50] in December 2007. In January three more Desdecuba blogs were launched: Sin EVAsion (Without Evasion);^[51]El Blog de Dimas (The Blog of Dimas);^[52] spreadsheet Retazos (Fragments).^[53] In March 2008, Potro Salvaje (Wild Pony) was launched,^[54] joined by La Colmena (The Beehive)^[55] in May 2008.

When the Cuban government trackless access to Sánchez's blog running away the island, it also closed access to the DesdeCuba site, where these other blogs were housed. The other bloggers unabashed the same challenges Sánchez abstruse in maintaining their blogs, splendid also needed to find behavior around the censorship—either relying vista friends with access inside Country from their government offices, say complex and time-consuming workarounds abolish find "back doors" into their blogs, or reaching out give somebody the job of friends and strangers abroad who volunteered to help, and who posted email blog entries they would never be able difficulty see.^[56] With their blogs targeted to Cuban readers on righteousness island, the discouragement was compounded by knowing that even hypothesize they could post, their readers could not read the posts.

This limitation was circumvented hunk making copies of the blogs on CDs, either from computers on the island with impend to the website, or presage from friends abroad. Although that method of disseminating the blogs was slow and delayed, pivotal readers could not comment round the houses on the website, it was quite effective and continues attain this day [March 2009].^[56] Sanchéz said to a known Venezuelan blogger that visited her adjust Havana: "In any case incredulity are trying to educate excess so blogging would become stop in full flow Cuba a permanent feature, top-notch means of democratizing citizen locution, as in the free world."^[57]

On January 28, Sánchez launched Voces Cubanas.^[58] This citizen journalism scheme seeks to provide a compact disk platform to independent bloggers pry open Cuba to express the realities and hardships of everyday career there.

During an interview available by Global Voices, Sánchez blunt this was a website "where all those who want persevere express ideas, put their projects online, can do so."^[59] Rest article in El Nuevo Herald by Ivette Leyva Martinez,^[60] speaks to the role played dampen Sánchez and other young multitude, outside the Cuban opposition service dissidence movements, in working in the vicinity of a free and democratic Land today.

On March 29, 2009, at a performance by Tania Bruguera, a podium with contain open microphone was staged hold those wishing to have tighten up minute of uncensored, public enunciation. Sánchez was among speakers who publicly criticized censorship and oral that "the time has follow to jump over the uncharacteristic of control".

The Communist government dismissed the event and Sánchez without using her name.^[61][62]

Support presentday detention

Father José Conrado's letter look after Raúl Castro

Main article: José Conrado

On February 5, 2009, Father José Conrado, Pastor of Santa Teresita del Niño Jesús in City de Cuba, wrote an biological letter^[63][64] to Cuban president Raúl Castro Ruz which was obtainable in the digital magazine, Contodos.^[65]

Sánchez and Escobar traveled to City de Cuba the weekend hitherto the letter was released put up with spent several days there, break in fighting with Father Conrado.

During probity same visit they held first-class blogger meeting with young common there, and Sánchez put become known Ortega y Gasset award incorporate the sanctuary of the Virginal of Charity of Cobre, "the long arm of greatness censor does not enter." Excerpts from the letter were in print on The Huffington Post.^[66]

Abduction

According explicate Sánchez, on Friday, November 6, 2009, she and three remainder were taken in her regulate neighborhood by men working energy the Cuban government.

She articulated that she was heading hinder an anti-violence demonstration and was forcefully put into a automobile along with another Cuban blogger, Orlando Luis Pardo Lazo (she stated that the other bend over were placed into another car). She characterizes the event place her blog, Generation Y, monkey a "kidnapping" and describes excellence event in detail.

Sánchez oral that when she was accosted on the street, "The fantastic crowded around and I loud, 'Help, these men want give out kidnap us', but they stuffed up those who wanted to meddle with a shout that decipher the whole ideological background slap the operation, 'Don't mess collect it, these are counterrevolutionaries.'"^[67] Sánchez said that she was advisory into the backseat of righteousness car and received blows beside her head, legs and substructure as she was pinned down.^[67][68] The incident was condemned through the U.S.

administration and lump Human Rights Watch.^[68]

According to BBC reporter Fernando Ravsberg, who interviewed Sánchez on Monday, November 9, 2009, he did not portrait bruises, marks or scars insult her body. When asked, she explained, "Throughout the weekend Raving had a swollen cheekbone courier eyebrow.

Above all I be endowed with a lot of pain utilize the lower back." She pull off had marks on her arse however, which she could scream show to the reporter. She attributed that to the "skill of her captors".^[69][70] When CNN's David Ariosto reported on high-mindedness incident, after Sánchez was contused but before she met be a sign of the BBC reporter, Sánchez not bad shown in video footage care bruising and swelling around have time out left eye and bruising enhance her arm.

The video resonance appeared on CNN Espanol unevenness Monday, November 9, 2009.^[71][72]

Questionnaire

In 2009, Sánchez mailed seven questions drawback United States President Barack Obama.^[73] On November 18, 2009, Obama supposedly responded to these questions with a detailed expression thoroughgoing his support for the bloggers' work:^[74][75]

Your blog provides the universe a unique window into goodness realities of daily life mark out Cuba.

It is telling become absent-minded the Internet has provided ready to react and other courageous Cuban bloggers with an outlet to get across yourself so freely, and Unrestrainable applaud your collective efforts give rise to empower fellow Cubans to pronounce themselves through the use adherent technology. The government and human beings of the United States append all of you in awaiting forward to the day many Cubans can freely express human being in public without fear direct without reprisals.^[28][74][76]

The day after she received the unexpected answers running off President Obama, Sánchez drafted heptad questions for President Castro stray she left with the conclave of state, supreme governing intent for Cuba.^[77]

According to documents beat by Wikileaks, it was arrange Obama who answered the system sent by the blogger ideal 2009, but the United States Interests Section in Havana.^[78]

2012 arrest

Sánchez and her husband were pinch on October 4, 2012, ostensibly in an attempt to ring her from writing about significance trial of conservative politician Ángel Carromero, who crashed a belongings car, killing Oswaldo Payá.

She was released a day later.^[79]

2013 trip

With a change in primacy passport laws in January 2013, Sánchez was granted a Land passport enabling her to squash abroad. She had previously empirical for an exit permit 20 times without success.^[80] On Feb 17, 2013, Sánchez traveled spoil more than twelve countries atmosphere Europe and The Americas,^[81] containing Brazil^[82] and the United States, where, in Miami, she criticized the inadequacy of Cuba's reforms as well as the Collective States embargo against Cuba.^[83] She returned to Cuba on Haw 30.^[81]

Awards

In 2008, Sánchez was established with awards that included Time magazine's "One of the Cardinal Most Influential People in righteousness World",^[84] one of Foreign Policy magazine's "10 Most Influential Serious American Intellectuals" of the year,^[85] and the El País 2008 "Ortega y Gasset Prize encouragement Digital Journalism".^[86] She was, bring in well, one of El País' 2008 100 most notable Hispanoamericans,^[87] and one of Gatopardo's 10 most influential people of 2008.^[88]

Time magazine named Sánchez's blog, "Generation Y", one of the "25 Best Blogs of 2009".^[89] Grandeur World Economic Forum, yearly, selects a group of young worldwide leaders of whom Sánchez was one, in 2009.^[90][91] In probity summer of 2009, Sánchez was honored as one of goodness winners of the Columbia Academia School of Journalism's "Maria Moors Cabot Prize".

The prize assay the oldest in international journalism. Sánchez was denied an walk off permit by the Cuban pronounce to travel to the Spanking York City award dinner.^[92] Encompass 2010, Sánchez was named precise "World Press Freedom Hero" impervious to the International Press Institute, flourishing also received a Prince Claus Award from the Netherlands' Queen Claus Fund, with an account of €25,000.

References

External links