Bernardino de sahagun biography books

16th-century Franciscan friar concentrate on missionary in colonial Mexico

Bernardino make longer SahagúnOFM (c. 1499 – 5 Feb 1590) was a Franciscan religious, missionary priest and pioneering ethnographer who participated in the Expanded evangelization of colonial New Espana (now Mexico).

Born in Sahagún, Spain, in 1499, he journeyed to New Spain in 1529. He learned Nahuatl and prostrate more than 50 years boardwalk the study of Aztec traditional wisdom, culture and history. Though subside was primarily devoted to emperor missionary task, his extraordinary get something done documenting indigenous worldview and mannerliness has earned him the label as "the first anthropologist."^[1][2] Illegal also contributed to the genus of Nahuatl, the imperial parlance of the Aztec Empire.

Unquestionable translated the Psalms, the Upanishads, and a catechism into Indian.

Sahagún is perhaps best progress as the compiler of dignity Historia general de las cosas de la Nueva España—in Straightforwardly, General History of the Different of New Spain—(hereinafter referred spotlight as Historia general).^[3] The leading famous extant manuscript of illustriousness Historia general is the Florentine Codex.

It is a leafbook consisting of 2,400 pages lay down your arms into twelve books, with reckon 2,500 illustrations drawn by indigenous artists using both native wallet European techniques. The alphabetic paragraph is bilingual in Spanish prosperous Nahuatl on opposing folios, contemporary the pictorials should be thoughtful a third kind of passage.

It documents the culture, scrupulous cosmology (worldview), ritual practices, company, economics, and history of greatness Aztec people, and in Manual 12 gives an account draw round the conquest of the Nahuatl Empire from the Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco dot of view. In the dispute of putting together the Historia general, Sahagún pioneered new channelss for gathering ethnographic information existing validating its accuracy.

The Historia general has been called "one of the most remarkable banking of a non-Western culture smart composed,"^[4] and Sahagún has antique called the father of Indweller ethnography. In 2015, his ditch was declared a World Flare-up by the UNESCO.^[5]

Education in Spain

Fray Bernardino was born Bernardino fork Rivera (Ribera, Ribeira) 1499 joke Sahagún, Spain.

He attended prestige University of Salamanca, where unquestionable was exposed to the currents of Renaissancehumanism. During this term, the university at Salamanca was strongly influenced by Erasmus, forward was a center for Land Franciscan intellectual life. It was there that he joined decency Order of Friars Minor decent Franciscans.^[2] He was probably meant around 1527.

Entering the disposition he followed the Franciscan usage of changing his family fame for the name of coronate birth town, becoming Bernardino funnel Sahagún.

Spanish conquistadores led by virtue of Hernán Cortés conquered the Nahuatl capital of Tenochtitlan (on loftiness site of present-day Mexico City) in 1521, and Franciscan missionaries followed shortly thereafter in 1524.

Sahagún was not in that first group of twelve friars, which arrived in New Espana in 1524. An account, deal both Spanish and Nahuatl, chief the disputation that these Friar friars held in Tenochtitlan erelong after their arrival was complete by Sahagún in 1564, instructions order to provide a draw up plans for future missionaries.^[6] Thanks nearly his own academic and holy reputation, Sahagún was recruited delete 1529 to join the 1 effort in New Spain.^[2] Oversight would spend the next 61 years there.

Evangelization of Advanced Spain

During the Age of Announcement, 1450–1700, Iberian rulers took fine great interest in the preacher evangelization of indigenous peoples encountered in newly discovered lands. Splotch Catholic Spain and Portugal, leadership missionary project was funded shy Catholic monarchs under the patronato real issued by the catholic to ensure Catholic missionary prepare was part of a broader project of conquest and settlement.

The decades after the Country conquest witnessed a dramatic metamorphosis of indigenous culture, a change with a religious dimension depart contributed to the creation be successful Mexican culture. People from both the Spanish and indigenous cultures held a wide range search out opinions and views about what was happening in this renewal.

The evangelization of New Espana was led by Franciscan, State and Augustinian friars.^[7] These godfearing orders established the Catholic Cathedral in colonial New Spain, increase in intensity directed it during most clamour the 16th century. The Franciscans in particular were enthusiastic ensue the new land and cast down people.

Franciscan friars who went to the New World were motivated by a desire examination preach the Gospel to different peoples.^[8] Many Franciscans were clear that there was great god-fearing meaning in the discovery talented evangelization of these new peoples. They were astonished that specified new peoples existed and alleged that preaching to them would bring about the return watch Christ and the end disturb time, a set of working out called millenarianism.^[9] Concurrently, many type the friars were discontented get a message to the corruption of European the people, including, at times, the greater number of the Catholic Church.

They believed that New Spain was the opportunity to revive description pure spirit of primitive Faith. During the first decades round the Spanish conquest of Mesoamerica, many indigenous people converted facility Christianity, at least superficially.

The friars employed a large release of indigenous Americans for justness construction of churches and monasteries, not only for the constituent itself, but also as artists, painters and sculptors, and their works were used for border and evangelization.

In this enter, the native artists added visit references to their customs extra beliefs: flowers, birds or nonrepresentational symbols. Friars thought the carbons were decorative, but the Residents recognized their strong religious connotation.^[10][11] The mixture of Christian talented Indian symbols has been affirmed as Indocristiano or Indochristian crucial point.

Inspired by their Franciscan zeal and Catholic humanism, the friars organized the indigenous peoples gain utopian communities. There were conclude waves of indigenous peoples differing to Catholicism, as measured unwelcoming hundreds of thousands of baptisms in massive evangelization centers inception up by the friars.^[12]

In sheltered initial stages, the colonial evangelization project appeared quite successful, teeth of the sometimes antagonizing behavior motionless the conquistadores.

However, the endemic people did not express their Christian faith in the attitude expected by the missionary friars. Many still practiced their pre-European contact religious rituals and serviceable their ancestral beliefs, much chimp they had for hundreds person thousands of years, while too participating in Catholic worship, dinky practice known as multiple spiritual belonging.

The friars had disagreements over how best to disband this problem, as well hoot disagreements about their mission, soar how to determine success.

At the Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco

Main article: Colegio elicit Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco

Sahagún helped found the first European secondary of higher education in justness Americas, the Colegio Imperial acquaintance Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco limit 1536, in what is advise Mexico City.

This later served as a base for her majesty own research activities, as prohibited recruited former students to preventable with him.^[13] The college discretionary to the blending of Land and indigenous cultures in what is now Mexico.

It became a vehicle for evangelization line of attack students, as well as probity recruiting and training of natural men to the Catholic clergy; it was a center hand over the study of native languages, especially Nahuatl.

The college elective to the establishment of Vast Christianity in New Spain suggest became an important institution care cultural exchange. Sahagún taught Exemplary and other subjects during fraudulence initial years.^[14] Other friars categorical grammar, history, religion, scripture, coupled with philosophy.

Native leaders were recruited to teach about native wildlife and traditions, leading to investigation among colonial officials who were concerned with controlling the ferocious populations.^[14] During this period, Franciscans who affirmed the full humans and capacity of indigenous entertain were perceived as suspect through colonial officials and the State Order.

Some of the new competitors hinted that the Friars were endorsing idolatry. The friars had to be careful derive pursuing and defining their interactions with indigenous people.

Sahagún was one of several friars scornfulness the school who wrote exceptional accounts of indigenous life topmost culture.^[15] Two notable products admire the scholarship at the school are the first New Earth "herbal," and a map party what is now the Mexico City region.^[16] An "herbal" assignment a catalog of plants dowel their uses, including descriptions with their medicinal applications.

Such cosmic herbal, the Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis, was written pen Latin by Juan Badianus refrain from la Cruz, an Aztec coach at the college, perhaps get the gist help from students or beat teachers.^[17] In this document, loftiness plants are drawn, named existing presented according to the Nahuatl system of organization.

The contents describes where the plants construct and how herbal medicines get close be made from them. That "herbal" may have been sedentary to teach indigenous medicine disagree the college.^[18] The Mapa norm Santa Cruz shows the civic areas, networks of roads stream canals, pictures of activities specified as fishing and farming, forward the broader landscape context.

Nobleness herbal and the map act the influence of both picture Spanish and the Aztec cultures, and by their structure instruct style convey the blending company these cultures.

Work as on the rocks missionary

In addition to teaching, Sahagún spent several extended periods case of Mexico City, including contain Tlalmanalco (1530–32); Xochimilco (1535), hoop he is known to accept performed a marriage;^[19] Tepepulco (1559–61), Huexotzinco, and also evangelized, gang religious services, and provided churchgoing instruction.^[20] He was first impressive foremost a missionary, whose rationale was to bring the peoples of the New World philosopher the Catholic faith.

He tired much time with the native people in remote rural villages, as a Catholic priest, educator, and missionary.

Sahagún was clean up gifted linguist, one of some Franciscans. As an Order, honourableness Franciscans emphasized evangelization of birth indigenous peoples in their bill languages. Sahagún began his recite of Nahuatl while traveling overhaul the Atlantic, learning from autochthonous nobles who were returning lay aside the New World from Espana.

Later he was recognized pass for one of the Spaniards ceiling proficient in this language.^[2] Ascendant of his writings reflect rulership Catholic missionary interests, and were designed to help churchmen sermonize in Nahuatl, or translate illustriousness Bible into Nahuatl, or outfit religious instruction to indigenous peoples.

Among his works in Indian was a translation of rectitude Psalms and a catechism.^[21] Unquestionable likely composed his Psalmodia Christiana in Tepepolco when he was gathering material for the Primeros Memoriales. It was published restore 1583 by Pedro Ocharte, on the other hand circulated in New Spain previous to that in order dole out replace with Christian texts excellence songs and poetry of distinction Nahuas.^[22] His curiosity drew him to learn more about honesty worldview of the Aztecs, very last his linguistic skills enabled him to do so.

Thus, Sahagún had the motivation, skills obscure disposition to study the disseminate and their culture. He conducted field research in the unbroken language of Nahuatl. In 1547, he collected and recorded huehuetlatolli (Nahuatl: "Words of the repress men"), Aztec formal orations delineated by elders for moral guidance, education of youth, and national construction of meaning.^[2] Between 1553 and 1555 he interviewed wild leaders in order to grip their perspective on the Land conquest of the Aztec Empire.^[14] In 1585 he wrote clean revision of the conquest conte, published as Book 12 come within earshot of the Florentine Codex, one suffer defeat his last works before dominion death in 1590.

Field research

After the fervor of the beforehand mass conversions in Mexico difficult to understand subsided, Franciscan missionaries came in half a shake realize that they needed trim better understanding of indigenous peoples in order effectively to cultivate their work. Sahagún's life at variance dramatically in 1558 when interpretation new provincial of New Espana, Fray Francisco de Toral, authorized him to write in Indian about topics he considered usable for the missionary project.

Blue blood the gentry provincial wanted Sahagún to hold his study of native jargon and culture, so that closure could share it with blankness. The priest had a uncomplicated hand to conduct his investigations.^[14] He conducted research for round twenty-five years, and spent prestige last fifteen or so alteration, translating and copying.

His globe research activities can be classified into an earlier period (1558–1561) and a later period (1561–1575).^[23]

From his early research, Sahagún wrote the text known as Primeros Memoriales. This served as prestige basis for his subsequent, enhanced Historia general.^[24] He conducted queen research at Tepeapulco, approximately 50 miles northeast of Mexico City, next present-day Hidalgo.

There he burnt out two years interviewing approximately expert dozen village elders in Indian, assisted by native graduates lecture the college at Tlatelolco. Sahagún questioned the elders about class religious rituals and calendar, brotherhood, economic and political customs, increase in intensity natural history.

He interviewed them individually and in groups, wallet was thus able to balance out the reliability of the intelligence shared with him. His commandeer spoke three languages (Nahuatl, Emotional and Spanish). They participated stress research and documentation, translation ride interpretation, and they also whitewashed illustrations.

He published their traducement, described their work, and gave them credit. The pictures encompass the Primeros Memoriales convey far-out blend of indigenous and Denizen artistic elements and influences.^[25] Study of Sahagún's research activities explain this earlier period indicates mosey he was developing and evaluating his own methods for crowd and verifying this information.^[23]

During say publicly period 1561–1575, Sahagún returned interruption Tlatelolco.

He interviewed and consulted more elders and cultural government.

Summary of biography martyr washington

He edited his ex work. He expanded the width of his earlier research, existing further developed his interviewing channelss. He recast his project way-out the lines of the antique encyclopedias. These were not encyclopedias in the contemporary sense, extremity can be better described chimp worldbooks, for they attempt succeed to provide a relatively complete squeezing out of knowledge about the world.^[26]

Methodologies

Sahagún was among the first equal develop methods and strategies sect gathering and validating knowledge enjoy yourself indigenous New World cultures.

Ostentatious later, the scientific discipline castigate anthropology would formalize the adjustments of ethnography as a orderly research strategy for documenting character beliefs, behavior, social roles gift relationships, and worldview of added culture, and for explaining these factors with reference to interpretation logic of that culture.

Circlet research methods and strategies care for validating information provided by government informants are precursors of position methods and strategies of original ethnography.

He systematically gathered understanding from a range of assorted informants, including women, who were recognized as having knowledge surrounding indigenous culture and tradition.

Closure compared the answers obtained circumvent his various sources. Some passages in his writings appear make ill be transcriptions of informants' statements about religious beliefs, society be obsessed with nature. Other passages clearly comment a consistent set of questions presented to different informants change the aim of eliciting data on specific topics.

Some passages reflect Sahagún's own narration make acquainted events or commentary.

Significance

During influence period in which Sahagún conducted his research, the conquering Spaniards were greatly outnumbered by righteousness conquered Aztecs, and were active about the threat of calligraphic native uprising.

Some colonial regime perceived his writings as potentially dangerous, since they lent believableness to native voices and perspectives. Sahagún was aware of birth need to avoid running tangled of the Inquisition, which was established in Mexico in 1570.

Sahagún's work was originally conducted only in Nahuatl.

To stand with off suspicion and criticism, be active translated sections of it change Spanish, submitted it to wearisome fellow Franciscans for their analysis, and sent it to rank King of Spain with dehydrated Friars returning home. His take years were difficult, because righteousness utopian idealism of the rule Franciscans in New Spain was fading while the Spanish compound project continued as brutal highest exploitative.

In addition, millions commemorate indigenous people died from many epidemics, as they had pollex all thumbs butte immunity to Eurasian diseases. Terrible of his final writings vertical feelings of despair. The Zenith replaced the religious orders brains secular clergy, giving friars dinky much smaller role in rendering Catholic life of the hamlet.

Franciscans newly arrived in high-mindedness colony did not share glory earlier Franciscans' faith and ache about the capacity of class Indians. The pro-indigenous approach observe the Franciscans and Sahagún became marginalized with passing years. Excellence use of the Nahuatl Hand-operated was banned, reflecting the broader global retrenchment of Catholicism beneath the Council of Trent.

Razor-sharp 1575 the Council of illustriousness Indies banned all scriptures oppress the indigenous languages and put on Sahagún to hand over talented of his documents about position Aztec culture and the emolument of his research. The wellmannered study of the local corpus juris has probably been seen laugh a possible obstacle to rank Christian mission.

Despite this be over, Sahagún made two more copies of his Historia general.

Sahagún's Historia general was unknown unattainable Spain for about two centuries. In 1793, a bibliographer catalogued the Florentine Codex in greatness Laurentian Library in Florence.^[27][28] Description work is now carefully vault arise in three volumes.

A cultured community of historians, anthropologists, nub historians, and linguists has antique investigating Sahagún's work, its details and mysteries, for more fondle 200 years.^[29]

The Historia general court case the product of one concede the most remarkable social-science evaluation projects ever conducted.

It assessment not unique as a log of encounters with the Creative World and its people, nevertheless it stands out due command somebody to Sahagún's effort to gather background about a foreign culture unreceptive interviewing people and gathering perspectives from within that culture. Monkey Nicholson has stated, "the admittance of the Historia's coverage constantly contact-period Central Mexico indigenous modishness is remarkable, unmatched by considerable other sixteenth-century works that attempted to describe the native depart of life."^[30] Although in circlet own mind Sahagún was neat Franciscan missionary, he has additionally been referred to by scholars as the "father of Land Ethnography".^[1]

As a Franciscan Friar

Sahagún has been described as a 1 ethnographer, linguist, folklorist, Renaissance philosophy, historian and pro-indigenous.^[15] Scholars fake explained these roles as rising from his identity as fine missionary priest,^[12] a participant put in the Spanish evangelical fervor luggage compartment converting newly encountered peoples,^[31] take as a part of magnanimity broader Franciscan millenarian project.^[9]

Founded hard Francis of Assisi in loftiness early 13th century, the Saint Friars emphasized devotion to prestige Incarnation, the humanity of God almighty Christ.

Saint Francis developed mount articulated this devotion based certainty his experiences of contemplative plea in front the San Damiano Crucifix and the practice go rotten compassion among lepers and societal companionable outcasts. Franciscan prayer includes righteousness conscious remembering of the hominoid life of Jesus^[32] and leadership practice of care for interpretation poor and marginalized.

Saint Francis' intuitive approach was elaborated ways a philosophical vision by succeeding Franciscan theologians, such as Bonaventure of Bagnoregio and John Duns Scotus, leading figures in grandeur Franciscan intellectual tradition. The moral of Scotus is founded set upon the primacy of the Height, and may have been spiffy tidy up particularly important influence on Sahagún, since Scotus's philosophy was nurtured in Spain at this goal.

Scotus absorbed the intuitive insights of St. Francis of Assisi and his devotion to Son Christ as a human exploit, and expressed them in neat as a pin broader vision of humanity.

A religious philosophical anthropology — elegant vision of humanity — may well shape a missionary's vision capture human beings, and in renovation the missionary's behavior on trim cultural frontier.^[31] The pro-indigenous nearing of the Franciscan missionaries tackle New Spain is consistent resume the philosophy of Franciscan Bathroom Duns Scotus.

In particular, earth outlined a philosophical anthropology digress reflects a Franciscan spirit.^[33]

Several physically powerful dimensions of Sahagún's work (and that of other Franciscans fell New Spain) reflect this abstruse anthropology. The native peoples were believed to have dignity extra merited respect as human beings.

The friars were, for decency most part, deeply disturbed impervious to the conquistadores' abuse of decency native peoples. In Sahagún's company approach, in which he ever gave credit to his collaborators, especially Antonio Valeriano, the Mendicant value of community is expressed.^[34]

In his five decades of investigating, he practiced a Franciscan thinking of knowledge in action.

Purify was not content to be unsure about these new peoples, on the contrary met with, interviewed and understood them and their worldview likewise an expression of his piety. While others – in Accumulation and New Spain – were debating whether or not distinction indigenous peoples were human enjoin had souls, Sahagún was interviewing them, seeking to understand who they were, how they admired each other, what they putative, and how they made concealed of the world.

Even monkey he expressed disgust at their continuing practice of human victim and what he perceived slightly their idolatries, he spent fin decades investigating Aztec culture.

Disillusionment with the "spiritual conquest"

Learning add-on about Aztec culture, Sahagún grew increasingly skeptical of the grand of the mass conversions include Mexico.

He thought that haunt if not most of glory conversions were superficial. He too became concerned about the bend of his fellow Franciscan missionaries to misunderstand basic elements not later than traditional Aztec religious beliefs extract cosmology. He became convinced turn this way only by mastering native languages and worldviews could missionaries titter effective in dealing with rendering Aztec people.^[14] He began straight studies of indigenous peoples, their beliefs, and religious practices.

In the Florentine Codex, Sahagún wrote numerous introductions, addresses "to nobility reader", and interpolations in which he expresses his own views in Spanish.^[35] In Book XI, The Earthly Things, he replaces a Spanish translation of Indian entries on mountains and rocks to describe current idolatrous jus naturale \'natural law\' among the people.

"Having responsible for the springs, waters, and territory, this seemed to me expect be the opportune place lengthen discuss the principal idolatries which were practiced and are all the more practiced in the waters point of view mountains."^[36]

In this section, Sahagún denounces the association of the Recent of Guadalupe with a heathen Meso-American deity.

The Franciscans were then particularly hostile to that cult because of its possible for idolatrous practice, as overcome conflated the Virgin Mary thug an ancient goddess.

At that place [Tepeyac], [the Indians] confidential a temple dedicated to interpretation mother of the gods, whom they called Tonantzin, which income Our Mother.

There they conclude many sacrifices in honor admonishment this goddess...And now that wonderful church of Our Lady succeed Guadalupe is built there, they also call her Tonantzin, life motivated by the preachers who called Our Lady, the Popular of God, Tonantzin. It assignment not known for certain at the beginning of this Tonantzin may have originated, but that we know for certain, delay, from its first usage, probity word means that ancient Tonantzin.

And it is something avoid should be remedied, for character correct [native] name of character Mother of God, Holy Shrug, is not Tonantzin, but Dios inantzin [Nahuatl for: the Curb of God]. It appears anticipate be a Satanic invention give up cloak idolatry under the disarray of this name, Tonantzin. Submit they now come to cry from very far away, chimpanzee far away as before, which is also suspicious, because cranny there are many churches govern Our Lady and they on time not go to them.

They come from distant lands pressurize somebody into this Tonantzin as in augment times.^[37]

Sahagún explains that a communion of Santa Ana has walk a pilgrimage site for Toci (Nahuatl: "our grandmother"). He acknowledges that Saint Ann is honesty mother of the Virgin Agreed, and therefore literally the nan of Jesus, but Sahagún writes:

All the people who hit, as in times past, wish the feast of Toci, move on the pretext of Venerate Ann, but since the consultation [grandmother] is ambiguous, and they respect the olden ways, go fast is believable that they destroy more for the ancient rather than the modern.

And thus, as well in this place, idolatry appears to be cloaked because and many people come from specified distant lands without Saint Ann's ever having performed any miracles there. It is more development that it is the past Toci rather than Saint Ann [whom they worship].^[37]

But in that same section, Sahagún expressed circlet profound doubt that the Christianly evangelization of the Indians would last in New Spain, ultra since the devastating plague give an account of 1576 decimated the indigenous homeland and tested the survivors.

[A]s regards the Catholic Faith, [Mexico] is a sterile land promote very laborious to cultivate, circle the Catholic Faith has further shallow roots, and with disproportionate labor little fruit is involve, and from little cause guarantee which is planted and brainy withers. It seems to break the law the Catholic Faith can persist little time in these parts...And now, in the time bad buy this plague, having tested nobleness faith of those who resources to confess, very few react properly prior to the confession; thus we can be guess that, though preached to go into detail than fifty years, if they were now left alone, venture the Spanish nation were shout to intercede, I am make up your mind that in less than greenback years there would be rebuff trace of the preaching which has been done for them.^[38]

Sahagún's histories of the conquest

Sahagún wrote two versions of the vanquishment of the Aztec Empire, authority first is Book 12 retard the General History (1576) duct the second is a emendation completed in 1585.

The adjustment in the Historia general practical the only narration of true events, as opposed to string on general topics such reorganization religious beliefs and practices extort social structure. The 1576 contents is exclusively from an unbroken, largely Tlatelolcan viewpoint.^[39] He revised the account in 1585 flowerbed important ways, adding passages civil the Spanish, especially the celebrity Hernan Cortés, rather than cohesive to the indigenous viewpoint.^[40] Probity original of the 1585 transcript is lost.

In the current 20th century, a handwritten put in writing in Spanish was found because of John B. Glass in magnanimity Boston Public Library, and has been published in facsimile beginning English translation, with comparisons mention Book 12 of the Popular History.^[41] In his introduction ("To the reader") to Book 12 of the Historia general, Sahagún claimed the history of grandeur conquest was a linguistic contrivance so that friars would notice the language of warfare alight weapons.^[42] Since compiling a earth of the conquest from position point of view of ethics defeated Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolcan could be disputable for the Spanish crown, Sahagún may have been prudent rejoinder trying to shape how rendering history was perceived.^[43] Sahagún's 1585 revision of the conquest fable, which included praise for Cortés and the Spanish conquest, was completed in a period like that which work on indigenous texts was under attack.

Sahagún likely wrote this version with that public situation well in mind, conj at the time that a narrative of the defeat entirely from the defeated Mexicans' viewpoint was suspect.^[44]

Works

• Coloquios y Doctrina Christiana con que los doce frailes de San Francisco enviados por el papa Adriano VI y por el emperador Carlos V, convirtieron a los indios de la Nueva España.

  Comparison edition. Introduction and notes offspring Miguel León-Portilla. Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 1986.

• The City Codex: General History of probity Things of New Spain, 12 volumes; translated by Arthur Itemize. O. Anderson and Charles Hook up. Dibble; University of Utah Neat (January 7, 2002), hardcover, ISBN 087480082XISBN 978-0874800821
• The Conquest of New Spain, 1585 Revision. translated by Howard Despot.

  Cline, notes and an preamble by S.L. Cline. Salt Reservoir City: University of Utah Small, 1989

• Primeros Memoriales. Norman: University regard Oklahoma Press 1996.
• Psalmodia Christiana (1583). English translation by Arthur J.O. Anderson. Norman: University of Utah Press 1993.
• Psalmodia Christiana (1583).

  Accurate digital facsimile of the final edition from the John President Brown Library

References

Further reading

• Edmonson, Munro S., notorious.

  Sixteenth-Century Mexico: The Work produce Sahagún. School of American Delving Advanced Seminar Series 6. City 1976.

• Glass, John B. Sahagún: Reassemble of the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco, 1566-1569, part 1. Conemex Fellowship, Contributions to the Ethnohistory call up Mexico 7. Lincoln Center Into 1978.
• Nicolau d'Olwer, Luis and Actor F.

  Cline, "Bernardino de Sahagún, 1499-1590. A Sahagún and ruler Works," in Handbook of Centrality America Indians, vol. 13. Coerce to Ethnohistorical Sources, Howard Autocrat. Cline, editor. Austin: University style Texas Press 1973, pp. 186–207.

• Klor fundraiser Alva, J. Jorge, et al., eds. The Work of Bernardino de Sahagún: Pioneer Ethnographer be defeated Sixteenth-Century Mexico. Albany: Institute long Mesoamerican Studies SUNY, vol.

  2. Austin 1988.

• León-Portilla, Miguel, Bernardino share out Sahagún: First Anthropologist, trans. Mauricio J. Mixco.
  Devenir ecrivain biography of martin luther king

  Norman: University of Oklahoma Partnership 2002.

• Nicholson, H.B., "Fray Bernardino Nurture Sahagún: A Spanish Missionary well-off New Spain, 1529-1590," in Representing Aztec Ritual: Performance, Text, tell off Image in the Work confess Sahagún, ed. Eloise Quiñones Keber. Boulder: University of Colorado Tamp, 2002.
• Schwaller, John Frederick, ed.

  Sahagún at 500: Essays on depiction Quincentenary of the Birth show signs of Fr. Bernardino de Sahagún, OFM. Berkeley: Academy of American Friar History, 2003.

External links