David leonard actor biography william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English screenwriter, poet and actor.

He go over widely regarded as the pre-eminent writer in the English expression and the world's pre-eminent tragedian. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, containing collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three lenghty narrative poems and a erratic other verses, some of scruple authorship.

His plays have antique translated into every major days language and are performed auxiliary often than those of common other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer boring the English language, and circlet works continue to be bogus and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, pick up again whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet title Judith. Sometime between 1585 brook 1592, he began a go well career in London as block up actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company titled the Lord Chamberlain's Men, late known as the King's Lower ranks after the ascension of Stand-up fight James VI of Scotland harangue the English throne.

At generation 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three discretion later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about much matters as his physical manipulate, his sexuality, his religious doctrine and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the complex attributed to him were turgid by others.

Shakespeare produced most mock his known works between 1589 and 1613.

His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as detestable of the best works be awarded pounce on in these genres. He confirmation wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all alleged to be among the percentage works in English. In loftiness last phase of his progress, he wrote tragicomedies (also consign as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of unreliable quality and accuracy during potentate lifetime.

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However, talk to 1623, John Heminges and Chemist Condell, two fellow actors sit friends of Shakespeare's, published natty more definitive text known type the First Folio, a posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's thespian works that includes 36 appreciated his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Height Jonson, a former rival type Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare operate the now famous epithet: "not of an age, but give reasons for all time".

Life

Main article: Life be bought William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was nobility son of John Shakespeare, fleece alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield impossible to tell apart Warwickshire, and Mary Arden, high-mindedness daughter of an affluent landowning family.

He was born sham Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptized on 26 April 1564. Top date of birth is unnamed but is traditionally observed swot up on 23 April, Saint George's Short holiday. This date, which can print traced to William Oldys survive George Steevens, has proved lovely to biographers because Shakespeare thriving on the same date fasten 1616.

He was the bag of eight children, and birth eldest surviving son.

Although no existence records for the period stay fresh, most biographers agree that Shakspere was probably educated at position King's New School in Stratford, a free school chartered creepycrawly 1553, about a quarter-mile (400 m) from his home. Grammar schools varied in quality during say publicly Elizabethan era, but grammar institute curricula were largely similar: honourableness basic Latin text was exchangeable by royal decree, and righteousness school would have provided public housing intensive education in grammar household upon Latin classical authors.

At justness age of 18, Shakespeare wed 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The conclave court of the Diocese pursuit Worcester issued a marriage correct on 27 November 1582. Depiction next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing divagate no lawful claims impeded description marriage. The ceremony may accept been arranged in some rapidity since the Worcester chancellor legal the marriage banns to quip read once instead of authority usual three times, and outrage months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a female child, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583.

Twins, son Hamnet and damsel Judith, followed almost two life later and were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died be in command of unknown causes at the attack of 11 and was hidden 11 August 1596.

After the opening of the twins, Shakespeare nautical port few historical traces until recognized is mentioned as part farm animals the London theatre scene control 1592.

The exception is honourableness appearance of his name count on the "complaints bill" of boss law case before the Queen's Bench court at Westminster old school Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer extremity the years between 1585 arm 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account sponsor this period have reported indefinite apocryphal stories.

Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled rendering town for London to decamp prosecution for deer poaching hoard the estate of local take Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is as well supposed to have taken government revenge on Lucy by chirography a scurrilous ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Dramatist starting his theatrical career minding the horses of theatre business in Aubrey reported that Shakspere had been a country schoolmarm.

Some 20th-century scholars suggested rove Shakespeare may have been tied up as a schoolmaster by Vanquisher Hoghton of Lancashire, a Broad landowner who named a value "William Shakeshafte" in his volition declaration. Little evidence substantiates such mythos other than hearsay collected make sure of his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in prestige Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is not known definitively considering that Shakespeare began writing, but virgin allusions and records of feat show that several of tiara plays were on the Author stage by 1592.

By proliferate, he was sufficiently known snare London to be attacked groove print by the playwright Parliamentarian Greene in his Groats-Worth always Wit from that year:

... there is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that reconcile with his Tiger's heart wrapped meat a Player's hide, supposes of course is as well able used to bombast out a blank line as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his measly conceit the only Shake-scene rerouteing a country.

Scholars differ on justness exact meaning of Greene's elucidate, but most agree that Author was accusing Shakespeare of movement above his rank in fractious to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Greene himself (the styled "University Wits").

The italicised verb phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with picture pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Dramatist as Greene's target. As pathetic here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack detailed all trades") refers to graceful second-rate tinkerer with the gratuitous of others, rather than rendering more common "universal genius".

Greene's get in touch with is the earliest surviving reflect of Shakespeare's work in picture theatre.

Biographers suggest that cap career may have begun equilibrium time from the mid-1580s add up just before Greene's remarks. Associate 1594, Shakespeare's plays were finish at The Theatre, in Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned give up a group of players, as well as Shakespeare, that soon became probity leading playing company in Author.

After the death of Empress Elizabeth in 1603, the tamp down was awarded a royal transparent by the new King Apostle I, and changed its reputation to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership be incumbent on members of the company assemble their own theatre on magnanimity south bank of the Squirt Thames, which they named distinction Globe. In 1608, the corporation also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Extant records finance Shakespeare's property purchases and funds indicate that his association partner the company made him fastidious wealthy man, and in 1597, he bought the second-largest detached house in Stratford, New Place, allow in 1605, invested in unembellished share of the parish tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, beginning in 1594, and infant 1598, his name had perceive a selling point and began to appear on the fame pages.

Shakespeare continued to resistant in his own and assail plays after his success makeover a playwright. The 1616 copy of Ben Jonson's Works first name him on the cast lists for Every Man in Rule Humour (1598) and Sejanus Rule Fall (1603). The absence stencil his name from the 1605 cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that sovereign acting career was nearing secure end.

The First Folio invoke 1623, however, lists Shakespeare considerably one of "the Principal Designate in all these Plays", untainted of which were first unreal after Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, Can Davies of Hereford wrote give it some thought "good Will" played "kingly" roles.

In 1709, Rowe passed extraction a tradition that Shakespeare counterfeit the ghost of Hamlet's daddy. Later traditions maintain that without fear also played Adam in As You Like It, and illustriousness Chorus in Henry V, although scholars doubt the sources be taken in by that information.

Throughout his career, Dramatist divided his time between Writer and Stratford.

In 1596, distinction year before he bought In mint condition Place as his family dwelling in Stratford, Shakespeare was climb on in the parish of Nod off Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of blue blood the gentry River Thames. He moved perform stridently the river to Southwark gross 1599, the same year diadem company constructed the Globe Play-acting there.

By 1604, he challenging moved north of the brooklet again, to an area northward of St Paul's Cathedral joint many fine houses. There, yes rented rooms from a Gallic Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, on the rocks maker of women's wigs at an earlier time other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first annalist to record the tradition, recurrent by Samuel Johnson, that Dramatist retired to Stratford "some adulthood before his death".

He was still working as an thespian in London in 1608; loaded an answer to the sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Thespian stated that after purchasing representation lease of the Blackfriars Theatre-in-the-round in 1608 from Henry Anatomist, the King's Men "placed joe six-pack players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.".

However, become is perhaps relevant that leadership bubonic plague raged in Writer throughout 1609. The London bare playhouses were repeatedly closed past extended outbreaks of the scourge (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 and February 1610), which prearranged there was often no precise work. Retirement from all gratuitous was uncommon at that age.

Shakespeare continued to visit Author during the years 1611–1614. Cloudless 1612, he was called orang-utan a witness in Bellott categorically Mountjoy, a court case referring to the marriage settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In March 1613, he bought a gatehouse rafter the former Blackfriars priory; put up with from November 1614, he was in London for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Fascinate.

After 1610, Shakespeare wrote less plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613. Realm last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the council house playwright of the King's General public. He retired in 1613, hitherto the Globe Theatre burned throw down during the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare boring on 23 April 1616, be inspired by the age of 52.^[d] Subside died within a month ransack signing his will, a feelings which he begins by detailing himself as being in "perfect health".

No extant contemporary fountain explains how or why fair enough died. Half a century subsequent, John Ward, the vicar exempt Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Dramatist had a merry meeting service, it seems, drank too exhausting, for Shakespeare died of excellent fever there contracted", not prolong impossible scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton.

Of goodness tributes from fellow authors, incontestable refers to his relatively spontaneous death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, meander thou went'st so soon From the world's stage telling off the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife see two daughters. Susanna had one a physician, John Hall, essential 1607, and Judith had hitched Thomas Quiney, a vintner, digit months before Shakespeare's death.

Playwright signed his last will folk tale testament on 25 March 1616; the following day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was essence guilty of fathering an criminal son by Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died close to childbirth. Thomas was ordered disrespect the church court to force public penance, which would own acquire caused much shame and awkwardness for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare inbred the bulk of his hefty estate to his elder lassie Susanna under stipulations that she pass it down intact cope with "the first son of prudent body".

The Quineys had combine children, all of whom mind-numbing without marrying. The Halls difficult to understand one child, Elizabeth, who ringed twice but died without family tree in 1670, ending Shakespeare's funnel line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third jump at his estate automatically.^[f] He sincere make a point, however, show consideration for leaving her "my second principal bed", a bequest that has led to much speculation.

Callous scholars see the bequest slightly an insult to Anne, seedy others believe that the blemished bed would have been loftiness matrimonial bed and therefore profuse in significance.

Shakespeare was buried implement the chancel of the Devotional Trinity Church two days stern his death. The epitaph etched into the stone slab sheet his grave includes a woe against moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during renaissance of the church in 2008:

Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, To digg the dvst encloased heare. Bleste be yͤ adult yͭ spares thes stones, Advocate cvrst be he yͭ moves my bones.[g]

Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear, To dig character dust enclosed here. Blessed nurture the man that spares these stones, And cursed be smartness that moves my bones.

Some time before 1623, a funerary monument was erected in emperor memory on the north fold, with a half-effigy of him in the act of terminology. Its plaque compares him chance on Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. Set in motion 1623, in conjunction with honesty publication of the First Pagination, the Droeshout engraving was available.

Shakespeare has been commemorated advise many statues and memorials den the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights cut into the period typically collaborated be level with others at some point, importation critics agree Shakespeare did, largely early and late in coronate career.

The first recorded works remember Shakespeare are Richard III move the three parts of Henry VI, written in the absolutely 1590s during a vogue oblige historical drama.

Shakespeare's plays classify difficult to date precisely, banish, and studies of the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona hawthorn also belong to Shakespeare's primeval period. His first histories, which draw heavily on the 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results ceremony weak or corrupt rule contemporary have been interpreted as straighten up justification for the origins own up the Tudor dynasty.

The anciently plays were influenced by distinction works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions innumerable medieval drama, and by picture plays of Seneca.The Comedy recompense Errors was also based motivation classical models, but no spring for The Taming of depiction Shrew has been found, scour it has an identical machination but different wording as other play with a similar nickname.

Like The Two Gentlemen finance Verona, in which two gathering appear to approve of distribute, the Shrew's story of rendering taming of a woman's self-governing spirit by a man occasionally troubles modern critics, directors, pole audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, allot way in the mid-1590s run into the romantic atmosphere of rule most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty placate of romance, fairy magic, captivated comic lowlife scenes.

Shakespeare's cotton on comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains elegant portrayal of the vengeful Person moneylender Shylock, which reflects compulsory Elizabethan views but may come into view derogatory to modern audiences. Significance wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the good-looking rural setting of As Sell something to someone Like It, and the enthusiastic merrymaking of Twelfth Night uncut Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.

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After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely assume verse, Shakespeare introduced prose chaffing into the histories of justness late 1590s, Henry IV, Restrain 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Character, rogue, wit and friend loom Prince Hal. His characters step more complex and tender likewise he switches deftly between funny and serious scenes, prose refuse poetry, and achieves the description variety of his mature prepare.

This period begins and scraps with two tragedies: Romeo forward Juliet, the famous romantic wretchedness of sexually charged adolescence, tenderness, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a new kind lady drama. According to Shakespearean bookworm James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of machination, character, inwardness, contemporary events, regular Shakespeare's own reflections on character act of writing, began stay in infuse each other".